Tag Archive for astronomy

Winter Solstice

It's a long night ahead. The longest.

Today is the winter solstice, and I am very happy about that. I have an affinity for the winter solstice over any other celebrated day in the month of December for a couple of reasons. First, it’s a reminder to me of when I identified as a Wiccan, then a garden-variety pagan, and lived my life in tune with the changing of the seasons and the rhythms of the natural world. For nearly ten years during the 1990s, I was a practicing pagan, and though I was effectively an atheist at that time I didn’t really believe in gods and goddesses. They were myths and archetypes of past generations, echoes of what was important and essential to people now long gone. I would read these myths, such as the story of Persephone and Demeter and the mythical reason why autumn exists in the world. I knew these myths weren’t true because I knew the scientific reason why there are seasons, but that scientific knowledge never diminished my appreciation for the stories.

It’s the knowledge that axial tilt is the reason for the seasons that is the other reason why I celebrate the winter solstice. As someone who suffers from clinical depression, that depression is exacerbated by the reduced amount of daylight hours during winter, as well as the reduced amount of sunlight from overcast skies. The winter solstice is a happy turning point which my rational mind understands. After this long winter night, the days will once again get longer as the tilt of the Earth wobbles around to get more direct sunlight, warmer and longer days. The nights won’t get any longer than this night tonight, and that helps me to keep the beasties of depression at bay for a little while longer.

However, the winter solstice marks the beginning of winter, which means that even though daylight hours will increase, the weather will be getting colder and inclement (at least in my part of the world). That means cloudy skies and no direct sunlight. Despite more daytime, January and February are rough on the psyche.

Nevertheless, I shall celebrate the turning of the season with my satsuma (representative of the sun moving back north in the sky), and with the knowledge that the sunrise tomorrow will usher in longer days ahead.

Happy Solstice!

3RD ANNUAL CARL SAGAN DAY! Nov. 12th, 2011

I actually became an atheist because of last year’s (2nd Annual) Carl Sagan Day. Up until the Sagan Day of 2010, I began to think that I couldn’t count on anything or anyone to give me a straight answer (in hindsight, I think my religious upbringing helped in skewing the entire concept of science for me). I set out on my own to attempt to solve the classic riddle of everything. Misinformation and frustration soon caused me to sink into a stationary puddle of apathy toward the bigger questions that aggravated my consciousness; the questions we all try to tackle in life.  I wandered from the philosophy of religion to theism to a sort of anti-religious agnosticism and from there I remained in what felt like a purgatory between the real and surreal–I came very close to the philosophy of a general skeptic or atheist or secularist but I lacked that extra push. The things that held me back were probably the negative stereotypes of non-theism, the misconception of science that I had been taught, and my misunderstanding of the secular community.

Fortuitously, I was informed of the Sagan Day event by one of my friends. I had never even heard of Carl Sagan before, but after watching the thirteen episodes of “Cosmos” (also recommended by my friend) my interest was peaked. I arrived at the event early, not sure what to expect but eager to learn and examine what people had to say. As a result, I started seeing science in its true form. I fell in love with the sentiment of exploration and raw, courageous human innovation. After listening to every last presentation on that day, and seeing all of the people around me who were just as curious and interested in the world as I was, I exited my intellectual limbo and I have been involved in the secular movement ever since.

Thanks to the memory of Carl Sagan and the messages he left behind.

Attendees of Sagan Day listening to a presentation by Reggie Hudson

This past weekend several secular organizations and clubs in the community of South Florida came together to once again host (the 3rd Annual) Carl Sagan day. Perhaps I am a bit partial, but I think this was one of the most successful events I have seen since joining the movement in South Florida Three years ago the vision was born in a small group of people, and now I am happy to have seen it grow.

one of the many activities at Carl Sagan Day: face painting!

On November 12th, 2011 we had our 3rd annual Sagan day at Broward College North Campus in and outside of the Omni Auditorium. Teacher Workshops were held from 9 am to 12 pm in a nearby building on campus that featured the Bologna Detection Kit. At 12 pm the festivities began with a planetarium, kid’s activities and home-made water rocket launch station (over 60 rockets were launched that day!). There were various booths supporting scientific and secular organizations or causes that passer-bys could visit.

picture of the portion of booths at Sagan Day

My committee was in charge of kid’s activities, which was a lot fun to organize and execute! Our three key activities were the rocket launch station (headed by an amazing science teacher named Alan), the “Solar System Tour” (led by a very talented and knowledgeable student named Gabrielle) and “Sagan’s Garage” (yes, this was inspired by the chapter from Sagan’s “A Demon Haunted World” :-) ). All of these activities were geared toward teaching science and critical thinking to the children. We also had small side activities like “Draw Your Own Alien Species” and “UFO Throw.”

passports were handed out for the Solar System Tour

rehearsing Sagan's Garage (you can see the set in the background)

We had presenters, some from the Planetary Society and NASA, give a talk every hour after 1 pm and at 5 pm we had a personal meet and greet with hero and legend James Randi. At 7 pm the Amazing Randi was interviewed by Jeff Wagg about his memories of Carl Sagan, who was a very close and dear friend of his.

meet and greet with James Randi

I encourage you, reader, if you do not have a Sagan Day in your area, to organize one and collaborate with your secular community. Carl Sagan Day is meant to continue the legacy that Sagan left with us. The various poetic messages he left behind still inspire us today to be passionate about science and critically evaluating the world–galaxy–universe–pale blue dot we live in. It is good to remind the public about that. However, most of all, in my opinion, Sagan Day is meant to continue to invoke the imagination; to encourage the ambitious search for knowledge within people via the vast potential of space, the study of our world, and the gratification that comes with exploring it.

I have many organizations and clubs to thank for making this engaging and educational event possible: The Center for Inquiry of Ft. Lauderdale (the president, Jeanette, was our committee leader, organizer, and supported the event financially); FLASH (Florida Atheists and Secular Humanists) – the president built the set for our kid’s activity, “Sagan’s Garage,” and also supported the event immensely, including financially; Broward College itself for its phenomenal cooperation and generosity; and The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). I would like to thank the Science Club at Broward College North Campus for making and selling hamburgers, hot dogs, sodas, and chips at the event. And last but not least I would like to give a warm shout-out to my own club members of Center for Inquiry @ Broward College Central Campus for their enthusiastic assistance with the kid’s activities, specifically theatrical help with “Sagan’s Garage.”

May the legacy of the great astronomer and teacher, Carl Sagan, never die.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Happy Birthday Carl Sagan

Today is Carl Sagan’s birthday.

When I was a kid, I remember seeing bits and pieces of his series “Cosmos” on public television. I never had the opportunity to sit down and watch the entire thing until recently, but I do remember the scenes where he was traveling the stars on board his minimalist 70s spaceship and thinking how cool that was. I had also grown up watching the classic series of Star Trek, so I was pretty well sold on space and science from a very young age. But one of the other things Cosmos introduced to me was the history of science and all the challenges the pursuit of scientific knowledge has had throughout history in combating the ignorances and superstitions of popular culture and the institutions of religion.

So today, in honor of Carl Sagan, here’s a clip from Cosmos of Carl talking about another great hero of mine: Hypatia of Alexandria. If you have an opportunity, I encourage you to watch the film Agora. And if you haven’t seen it already (or maybe you have), definitely watch Cosmos.

Depression Is Not A Pathology Of Atheism

Vincent Van Gogh - On the Threshold of Eternity

I remember nothing of the beginning. I only have hearsay accounts that I was naught but a passive observer of my world. I relied solely on my genetic predisposition from countless generations of human evolution in order to make assessments of my immediate surroundings. After a bit of time had gone by, and I had gleaned as much information as I could without the benefit of asking questions, I began to open my mouth and start talking. I analyzed the data from years of observation and hands-on research and asked myself, “How did we get here?

I was seven years old when I started asking myself this question. Note that the emphasis is on the word ‘here’ and not on the word ‘get’. Out of the infinite possibilities that could have happened during the development of human civilization, we somehow wound up with this one. A significant part of me felt cheated, as though I had been forced into a world whose rules I did not and could not consent to in advance. I was just a child, and yet I had already succumbed to the depression brought on by contemplating myself and my place in this world.

Our world is such an absurd place with arbitrary rules which were enacted and enforced by individuals and institutions long before even my greatest of great-grandparents were just a statistical probability in the reproductive organs of their ancestors. I grew angry with the power structures set in place by my culture, and I grew despondent at how unwilling and incapable I seemed to be at fitting in to these existing structures. Shape up. Sit still. Pay attention. Stop it. Behave. Don’t touch that. Follow the rules. Gradually, through trial and error, I began to figure out these rules, though I still don’t like them. Following the rules always brings me back to the question of “How did we get here?”, and another question, “Why these rules?”. Though I was still only in elementary school, I was asking myself if there was some purpose to life, and I also began contemplating suicide. I hadn’t even reached double-digit age yet and I was contemplating suicide. Depression indeed. I was vulnerable and longing for answers, and potentially susceptible to the allure of easy answers from religion.

For someone like me who strives to understand the world in a lofty philosophical kind of way, it might make sense that religion would be alluring to some degree, particularly if there is a solid existential philosophy behind it. Life would be so much more bearable if I simply believed in a god or in an afterlife, and relied on that faith to keep my mind from falling down the hole of existential psychosis. It would be so simple to dupe myself into a false sense of security that there is some objective meaning to life, and that there will be a release from suffering accompanied by everlasting bliss. I could be angry at a god for making me the way I am, suffering from crippling depression, or made queer in a world that hates queer folk, then forgive that same god for cursing me with such afflictions because the long-term benefits of eternal tranquility would outweigh the short-term tribulations of a mere human lifetime.

Albrecht Durer - Melancholia

I live inside my thoughts most of the time. I’m slow to process information because I ruminate over things for a great deal of time before I come to a decision. I have always been this way. Consequently, I simply could not trick myself into believing such an easy answer even if it might lead to alleviating my depression concerning my place in the cosmos. It would be like putting a band-aid on a severed limb, or sticking my head in the sand to hide from the world. It is not a viable philosophy because it does not address how I can deal with my problems in the here and now. So I look for solutions elsewhere by turning to science.

Through science I have learned that depression is a chemical imbalance in the brain that can be treated via a number of different methods ranging from dietary to nutritional to pharmaceutical. And knowing that my depression is a result of biology, and not some vengeful deity that enjoys watching me suffer, gives me a greater sense of autonomy and command over my situation. I am not a puppet put on Earth for the personal amusement of some petulant god. I am the result of thousands of years of human civilization, millions of years of evolution, and billions of years of cosmic evolution. There is beauty and splendor in the cosmos that I likely would have ignored or dismissed had I followed a religious path. The atoms that make up my body come from the universe itself, the debris of long-dead stars. These same atoms will still be present long after my body has died and rotted away. For me, knowing the past and future of the constituent material making up my body is far superior to any speculation of reincarnation or an afterlife.

I still experience depression, but I use the one tool I have at my disposal to combat it: a rational mind. Proper nutrition and exercise certainly help though. I choose to not take anti-depressants because I’m not convinced of their efficacy, but regardless of how I treat it, it’s important to articulate that depression is not a pathology of atheism. Being an atheist does not lead to a life of depression and hopelessness. While there is likely no objective meaning to life, the universe, and everything (aside from perhaps an arbitrary number), I have created meaning for myself through my love of history and of science, by my knowledge and understanding of the workings of our universe, and also because of my own big question nagging at the nape of my neck since my childhood, “How did we get here?”. That question forced me to learn about my world, to look past snake oil salesmen with their easy solutions, and to decide for myself what would see me through.

Outer Space to Inner Space

Carl Sagan rocked my Cosmos

When I was a child, my fascination was with things celestial. I wanted to be an astronaut so that I could be closer to the stars. It was as though the heavens called to me, so I studied all I could about the planets (there were nine at the time) and the stars in the galaxy. I read about Andromeda, the Magellanic Clouds, comets, asteroids, meteorites, nebulae, and so many other things. I watched Cosmos as a kid, and though I was too young to really wrap my brain around the humanist message Carl Sagan spoke of in his series, those shows resonated with me nonetheless.

It was in high school that I was finally able to study the one subject that fascinated me almost as much as astronomy: physics. Physics, along with my love of history, introduced me to names like Ptolemy, Brahe, Galileo, Copernicus, Newton, and the history of science. It was the history of science, spawned by my love of the stars, that ultimate led me to the study of religion.

I was curious, why was someone like Galileo condemned to house arrest for the harmless act of reporting what he had discovered by pointing his telescope skyward? Science was always a marvel to me, and it blew my young mind that there could be people throughout history who would condemn scientists for teaching things that were held as contrary to popular understanding. Read that as “contradicting the Law of God”.

Galileo Galilei

Religion had always fascinated me as well, though I had no idea how much my curiosity about religion would influence me in later years. By the end of high school, my academic interest in outer space made a complete turn toward a fascination with inner space and the realm of the mind. More specifically, I wanted to understand why people believe the things they believe in. Why do people have religion?

These questions were always in the back of my mind as I spent a little over a decade trying on a handful of different religions, Judaism, Buddhism, even Wicca, in an attempt to try and understand them, and those who practice them, a little better. At university, I finally had the opportunity to study religion in a context which suited my skeptical mind a lot better: not behind a pew in a church, but behind a desk in a university. And in the final term of my final year before graduating, I took a course that would make me realize that choosing to study religion in an academic setting was probably the best decision I could have made regarding my academic career, and my life in general. I took a course on theory of religion, and it opened my eyes to the kinds of prospective answers I had been asking about religion for most of my life. What defined religion? Was it purely a sociological phenomenon? Did religious belief evolve with the rest of the mind? So many more questions to explore, far beyond my original childhood curiosity.

I think it’s interesting that my childhood fascination with the stars led me toward religious scholarship. I still read about astronomy, cosmology, and physics, and I am a strong proponent of the sciences and the pursuit of knowledge about how our universe works. I even contemplated majoring in physics prior to going to university, but my interest in history and ancient cultures won me over and I wound up majoring in religious studies. And I don’t regret it one bit!

Side note:
Recently I posted a video at WeAreAtheism.com concerning my interest in religion and how that shaped my eventual coming out as an atheist. Give it a gander if you are so inclined, and I encourage other atheist folk to consider posting their own video or essay as well.

On Calendars and Councils

I’ve been fascinated with calendars and timekeeping ever since I was a child and too young to understand the concept of BC and AD. Time, as near as I could figure when I was seven years old, started at the year 1 and went forward from there. When I learned about Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, I was fascinated by the myriad of people and civilizations which existed in what I believed to be “negative time”. Who were these people? What were their stories? But the question foremost on my mind, how could they be around before the year 1? There was clearly more to the calendar than I understood, and it fueled my fascination not only with timekeeping, but history and religion as well.

History was measured by the rule of kings and the passing of dynasties, but time was measured by the motion of the heavens and the passing of seasons. Farmers calculated when to sow and when to reap based on the positions of the stars in the sky. Months were marked by the phases of the moon, and seasons marked by solstices and equinoxes. The earliest methods of timekeeping sought to calculate the passing of time by using both the moon and the sun in lunisolar calendars. The problem with such a calendar is that the months of the moon do not evenly synchronize with the years of the sun. Without leap months intercalated into the calendar every few years, seasonal holidays eventually drift from one season to another over time.

Julius Caesar and Yeshua of Nazareth, are likely the two figures most responsible for the way we measure the passing of years to this day. In 46 BC (technically 708 Anno Urbis Conditae by Roman reckoning), Julius Caesar instituted a calendar reform which set the Roman calendar as a strictly solar one. Prior to this reform, the Roman calendar was a flexible lunisolar calendar which lent itself to abuse by corrupt politicians who wanted to lengthen the duration of their terms of office. By fixing the calendar to strictly the movement of the sun, calculating the passing of time became considerably less confusing. With the solar year fixed at 365 1/4 days, solstices, equinoxes, festivals, tax collections, and the like would always fall on the same date every year, something the Roman scholar Varro was able to calculate after the Julian calendar reform. By fixing the calendar, these dates would not shift seasons as years passed. (Except the calendar did shift, but more on that in a moment.)

By 800 A.U.C., a new cult had emerged out of the deserts of Judea. A sect of Jews had begun celebrating the life and death of Yeshua of Nazareth, said to have been crucified by the Romans some fifty years earlier. This new sect was gaining popularity among the lower classes, and in just over two centuries it would eventually become the officially sanctioned state religion of the Roman Empire. It would be this death by crucifixion that would become the most important event in the development of the Western calendar.

In 1078 A.U.C., a council of bishops was convened in Nicaea to discuss the nature of Yeshua of Nazareth and his relationship to God, and also to determine precisely when to celebrate Easter, one of the most important dates in the Christian calendar. The only viable record available to the bishops concerning the death of Yeshua was the Bible. Most contemporary biblical scholars agree that the date of the crucifixion was on or around Passover, Nisan 15 on the Jewish calendar. The Jewish calendar, being lunisolar, days in each month are not fixed with the solar year. Consequently, additional astronomical observations were required in order to determine the approximate phase of the moon for obtaining a slightly more precise date of the crucifixion. Then, using mathematical calculations of solar and lunar movement, a time was agreed upon by the bishops at Nicaea which was this: Easter would be the first Sunday after the full moon immediately following the vernal equinox (in the northern hemisphere). Thus, accurately determining the date of the vernal equinox became paramount for the leaders of the Christian Church.

Despite not knowing the exact time of death of Yeshua, as evidenced by the fact that Easter celebrations float on the calendar based on the phase of the moon, this date became a cornerstone in timekeeping for the next two millennia. This ambiguity, ironically, quite possibly inspired the greatest precision in the disciplines of astronomy and mathematics used by Christians until the Renaissance. However, after a millennium, the faults in the Julian calendar were vividly apparent. The celebration of Easter was no longer properly aligned with the spring equinox. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII instituted a new calendar reform that would once again fix the date of the spring equinox and subsequently the date of Easter. It is this, the Gregorian calendar, which much of the West uses today for charting the passing of seasons.

Today it seems that Christianity and science are at odds with one another. But in my opinion, the Church is completely willing to apply the scientific method provided that the results corroborate its existing conclusions. In the case of the calendar, astronomical data were used to calculate the speculative date of an event which may or may not have even happened. Yet it was this unknown date that wound up creating a method of calendrical timekeeping considerably more accurate than the Julian calendar, but still less accurate than what science, unencumbered by religion, can come up with.